Which business structure is best?

A catchy business name, a trustworthy brand and an engaging website or social media presence are all vital to any small business. But don’t underestimate the effect of the business structure.

Choosing whether to operate as a sole trader, company, partnership or trust depends on many factors including cost, the size of the business, whether you have dependants and family members to share income with, and the degree of financial or legal risk involved in running the business.

Sole trader

Many small operators start out as a sole trader, and some decide to continue with this structure.

On the positive side, it’s easy to set it up and, with fewer business reporting obligations, it’s cheaper to run than other business structures.

There are one or two considerations that, depending on your circumstances, could mean a sole trader structure doesn’t work for you.

One of these is the extent of your liability if things go wrong. When you’re a sole trader your liability is unlimited, meaning your assets are at risk in the case of legal action. Some businesses may consider their risk to be too low to warrant changing the business structure or they may choose to find an insurance product to provide some protection.

Tax is another consideration. Among other issues, as a sole trader, you’re liable to pay tax on all income received by the business and you can’t split profits or losses with family members.i

Partnership

Two or more people can form a business partnership and distribute business income among themselves.

Like a sole trader structure, a partnership structure can be slightly cheaper to operate because there are minimal reporting requirements.

All partners are liable for all the debts and obligations of the business although there are different types of partnerships that vary liability among the partners.

For tax purposes, each partner reports their share of the partnership income or loss in their own return and pays tax on any income. Partners cannot claim a deduction for any money they withdraw from the business. Amounts taken from a partnership are not considered wages for tax purposes.ii

Company

A company structure has a number of advantages over a sole trader or partnership structure, but it costs more to set up and operate and there are more reporting requirements.

A company is considered a separate legal entity and has its own tax and superannuation obligations, but company directors have a number of legal responsibilities.

Companies pay an annual fee to be registered with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and they usually cost more to put together the necessary annual accounts and tax return.

On the plus side, you will be able to employ yourself and claim a tax deduction for your wages.

But be aware of the Personal Services Income (PSI) rules. If more than 50 per cent of the income of the business is produced by your personal exertion, it’s considered PSI and you will pay tax at your marginal rate, rather than the lower company tax rate. This rule affects taxpayers with any business structure.

Trust

A trust is the most expensive and complex business structure to operate but it might be the most appropriate for your needs.

There are some pluses and minuses so expert advice from your accountant and lawyer is crucial. You will need help to decide on the type of trust, to set up a formal trust deed and to carry out annual administrative tasks.

On the positive side, there may be tax advantages and there are some protections from financial and legal liability.

On the flip side, all income earned must be distributed to beneficiaries each year otherwise tax is paid at the highest marginal rate. Also, losses can’t be distributed to beneficiaries, it may be difficult to dissolve or change elements of a trust and it may be more difficult to borrow funds.

Ask for guidance

The importance of choosing the best business structure for your needs and understanding the regulatory requirements is crucial to the success of any small business. Check in with us for expert guidance.

i Sole trader | business.gov.au
ii Business structures – key tax obligations | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au)

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Tax update September 2024

New deductions and employer obligations

Employers need to check that payroll systems reflect recent legislative changes, and the ATO is highlighting deduction opportunities available to some small businesses. Here’s your roundup of the latest tax news.

Updated employer obligations

The ATO is reminding employers to stay on top of legislative changes affecting payroll systems.

The Super Guarantee rate increased on 1 July 2024 to 11.5 per cent of ordinary times earnings, so all payments (starting with those for the July to September quarter) to super accounts for eligible workers must reflect the new rate.i

Individual income tax rate thresholds and tax tables changed also changed on 1 July 2024 so you may need to check calculations for your Pay As You Go Withholding obligations.

Claims for energy expenses

Many small business are eligible for a bonus 20 per cent tax deduction for new assets (or improvements to existing assets), that support more efficient energy usage.

The Small Business Energy Incentive applies to eligible assets first used or installed ready for use between 1 July 2023 and 30 June 2024.ii

Eligible expenditure for external training courses for employees incurred between 29 March 2022 and 30 June 2024 could also qualify for a 20 per cent bonus tax deduction from the Small Business Skills and Training Boost.iii

Pay less capital gains tax (CGT)

While a business can reduce capital gains made during a tax year by offsetting them with capital losses from the same or previous income years, not all capital losses are eligible.iv

Capital losses carried forward from previous years need to be used first, with losses from collectables (such as artwork and antiques) only permitted to be offset against capital gains from collectables.

Losses from personal use assets (such as boats or furniture), CGT exempt assets (such as cars and motorcycles), paying personal services income to yourself through an entity you set up, and leases producing income (such as commercial rental property), are ineligible as offsets.

Fuel tax credit rates change

Before claiming fuel tax credits in your next Business Activity Statement (BAS), check you are using the latest rates as they have changed twice in the new financial year.v

On 1 July 2024, the rate for heavy vehicles travelling on public roads changed due to an increase in the road user charge, with the rate altering again on 5 August 2024 due to a change in fuel excise indexation.

Different rates apply based on when you acquired fuel for your business’ use, so ensure you use the correct rate. If you are unsure, try the ATO’s online Fuel Tax Credit Calculator to work out the amount to report in your BAS.

Records essential for rental expense claims

Rental property investors without correct documentation to substantiate their expense deductions may find their claims declared invalid.vi

The ATO is warning investors they need all receipts, invoices and bank statements plus details of how deductions were calculated and apportioned for a valid claim.

Lodging a ‘nil’ BAS

While taxpayers registered for GST automatically receive a Business Activity Statement and are required to lodge and pay in full by the due date, businesses with nothing to report are still required to lodge.

If you have paused your business, you are required to lodge a ‘nil’ BAS by the due date either online or via the ATO’s automated phone service.vii

i How much super to pay | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au)

ii Small business energy incentive | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au)

iii Small business skills and training boost | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au)

iv Pay less capital gains tax (CGT) | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au)

v From 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025 | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au)

vi ATO warning to rental property owners: don’t let your tax return be a ‘fixer-upper’ | Australian Taxation Office

vii Cancelling your GST registration | Australian Taxation Office (ato.gov.au)

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Rental investor? How to get your tax return right

With Treasury estimating the government misses out on billions in potential tax revenue from rental property deductions and the ATO recently warning extra care is needed when lodging returns with this type of income, rental investors can consider themselves well and truly in the tax man’s sights.

In fact, the ATO’s Random Enquiry Program (REP) showed 9 out of 10 returns reporting net rental income needed adjustment, leading ATO second commissioner Jeremy Hirschhorn to note: “This is startling and clearly something we need to address”.

So, if you’re a rental property investor, it’s time to ensure you’re getting your deductions right.

Deductions under the microscope

Rental property investors can claim a wide range of deductions for expenses associated with maintaining and financing their property interests. These include interest expenses, capital works and other deductions required to maintain the property.

It’s clear from the REP, however, many rental property investors need to learn a little more about what is deductible and also when they can claim a deduction for the amount.

Although some expenses can be claimed immediately (such as management fees and council rates), other expenses (such as borrowing costs and capital works) must be claimed over a number of years.

Red flags for the ATO

Common mistakes rental property investors are making include failing to include rental income for short-term arrangements and insurance payouts, overclaiming deductions, and claiming for improvements to private properties.

Rental income must be the gross amount received and must be reported in the same financial year the tenant pays.

Another common mistake is claiming an immediate deduction for initial repairs when purchasing. Existing damage must be claimed over several years as a capital works deduction and is also used to work out your capital gain or loss on selling.

Improvements such as renovating a bathroom, are a building cost and must be claimed at 2.5 per cent annually over 40 years from completion, while damaged detachable items costing more than $300 should be claimed as a depreciating asset.

Tips to get your tax return right

When completing your return, it’s essential to apportion both your rental income and deductions in line with your ownership share of the property.

If there is a mortgage over the property and the loan is also used for private purposes (such as a buying a new car or taking a holiday), your interest expenses must be apportioned. This needs to continue for the duration of the loan, even if you repay the personal expense.

Deductions also need to be split to reflect any private use. This also applies if you only use part of the property to earn rent.

Ensure your deductions are in order

Borrowing expenses (such as loan establishment fees and title searches costing over $100) must be deducted over five years. In the first year, these expenses should be apportioned for the number of days of ownership.

Purchase costs (such as conveyancing fees and stamp duty outside the ACT) cannot be claimed but form part of your capital gains tax (CGT) calculations.

Ask the previous owner for details of any capital works deductions claimed so you can correctly calculate your own deductions. Alternatively, hire a qualified professional to estimate previous construction costs.

Although payments to a body corporate administration fund are fully deductible in the year incurred, payments to a special purpose fund for capital improvements or repairs are not immediately deductible.

Don’t forget CGT

It sounds obvious, but it’s essential to have evidence of all your rental income and expenses when lodging a claim. This needs to be retained while you own the property and for five years after selling.

Another tip is to ensure you calculate your capital gain (or loss) correctly when selling.

You are not permitted to include amounts already claimed as a deduction, including depreciation and capital works.

Capital gains must be included in your tax return for the income year the property is sold, while capital losses can be carried forward.

Please don’t hesitate to call if you have any questions regarding the preparation of documentation for your next tax return.

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Preparing your SMSF for the future

What happens to a self managed super fund (SMSF) when a trustee dies or becomes mentally impaired? While these are circumstances that many of us would rather not think about, some time spent planning now could make a big difference to you and your family later.

Australia’s 620,000 SMSFs hold an estimated $933 billion in assets, so there is a lot at stake.i

But it’s not just about money – control of the SMSF may also be crucial.

The best way to ensure that your wishes are carried out is with a properly documented succession plan and an up-to-date trust deed.

An SMSF succession plan sets out what will happen if you or another trustee dies or loses mental capacity. It makes sure that there’s a smooth transition and is quite separate to your Will.

It’s important to be aware that instructions in a Will are not binding on SMSF trustees, so it’s essential to have a valid (preferably non-lapsing) binding death benefit nomination in place so the new trustees are required to pay your death benefit to your nominated beneficiary.

Your Will cannot determine who takes control of your SMSF or who receives your super death benefit as the fund’s trust deed and super law take precedence.ii

Succession plans also reduce the potential for the fund to become non-compliant due to overlooked reporting or compliance obligations. They can even provide opportunities for death benefits to be paid tax effectively.iii

Selecting successor trustees

Super law requires SMSFs with an individual trustee structure to have a minimum of two trustees, so it’s important to consider what will happen after the death or mental incapacity of one of the trustees.

An alternative to appointing a successor trustee can be introducing a sole purpose corporate trustee structure for your SMSF, as death or incapacity is then not an issue. This structure makes it easy to keep the SMSF functioning and fully compliant when a trustee transition is required.iv

Appoint a power of attorney

Good SMSF succession planning also means ensuring your Will is updated to reflect your current family or personal circumstances.

It requires having a valid Enduring Power of Attorney (EPOA) in place to help keep the SMSF operating smoothly if you lose mental capacity. Your EPOA can step in as fund trustee and take over administration of the fund or make necessary decisions about the fund’s investment assets.

Checking compliance

When developing a succession plan, ensure your wishes comply with all the requirements of the SIS Act and will not inadvertently compromise your SMSF’s compliance status.

Your planning process should include a regular review of both the fund’s trust deed and any changes in both the SMSF’s circumstances and membership, and the super legislation and regulations.

Tax is an important consideration when it comes to estate and succession planning as the super and tax laws use different definitions for who is and isn’t considered a dependant.

Your SMSF is able to pay super death benefits to both your dependants and non-‑dependants, but the subsequent tax bills vary based on the beneficiary’s dependency status under tax law.

The problems that can occur, due to the differences between super and tax law dependency definitions, were highlighted in recent private advice (1052187560814) provided by the ATO. It found that even if a beneficiary was receiving “a reasonable degree of financial support” from a deceased person just before they died, they would not necessarily be considered a death benefit dependant under tax law.

There is also the potential for capital gains tax to be payable if fund assets need to be sold because your super pension ceases when you die. Nominating a reversionary beneficiary for your pension ensures payments continue automatically without requiring any asset sales.v

If you would like to discuss or require assistance with drawing up your SMSF succession plan, give our office a call today.

i https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/super-for-individuals-and-families/self-managed-super-funds-smsf/smsf-newsroom/highlights-smsf-quarterly-statistical-report-march-2024
ii https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/super-for-individuals-and-families/self-managed-super-funds-smsf/paying-benefits/death-of-a-member
iii https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/super-for-individuals-and-families/self-managed-super-funds-smsf/administering-and-reporting/how-we-help-and-regulate-smsfs/how-we-deal-with-non-compliance
iv https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/super-for-individuals-and-families/self-managed-super-funds-smsf/setting-up-an-smsf/choose-individual-trustees-or-a-corporate-trustee
v https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/super-for-individuals-and-families/self-managed-super-funds-smsf/in-detail/smsf-resources/smsf-technical-funds/funds-starting-and-stopping-a-pension

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Market movements and review video – August 2024

Stay up to date with what’s happened in markets and the Australian economy over the past month.

While the anxiously awaited release of the latest inflation data at the end of July, showed an increase, it was in line with economists’ predictions.

Given the RBA wants inflation back within a 2-3% target range by the end of 2025, there were concerns about the inflation figures and the implications for the cash rate.

The ASX finished the month strongly with an increase of around 4%, riding out a mid-month plunge and surging to a record high for the ninth time this year.

Click the video below to view our update.

Please get in touch if you’d like assistance with your personal financial situation.

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To sell or not to sell is the question for moving into aged care

Moving into residential aged care can trigger a range of emotions, particularly if it involves the sale of the family home.

What is often a major financial asset, is also one that many people believe should be either kept in the family or its value preserved for future generations.

Whether or not the home has to be sold to pay for aged care depends on a number of factors, including who is living in it and what other financial resources or options are available to cover the potential cost of care.

It also makes a difference if the person moving into care receives Centrelink or Department of Veterans Affairs payments.

Cost of care

Centrelink determines the cost of aged care based on a person’s income and assets.i

For aged care cost purposes, the home is exempt from the cost of care calculation if a “protected person” is living in it when you move into care.

A protected person could be a spouse (including de facto); a dependent child or student; a close relative who has lived with the aged care resident for at least five years and who is entitled to Centrelink income support; or a residential carer who has lived with the aged care resident for at least two years and is eligible for Centrelink income support.ii

Capped home value

If the home is not exempt, the value of the home is capped at the current indexed rate of $201,231.iii

If you have assets above $201,231 – outside of the family home – then Centrelink would determine you pay the advertised Refundable Accommodation Deposit (RAD) or equivalent daily interest rate known as the Daily Accommodation Payment (DAP), or a combination of both.

The average RAD is about $450,000. Based on the current interest rate of 8.36% [note – this is the rate from July 1] the equivalent DAP would be $103.07 a day.

Depending on your total income and assets, you may also be required to pay a daily means tested care fee. This fee has an indexed annual cap of $33,309 and lifetime cap of $79,942.

This is in addition to the basic daily fee of $61.96 and potentially an additional or extra service fee.

There is no requirement to sell the home to pay these potentially substantial costs, but if it is a major asset that is going to be left empty, it may make sense.

Other options to cover the costs may include using income or assets such as superannuation, renting the home (although this pushes up the means tested care fee and can reduce the age pension) or asking family to cover the costs.

Centrelink rules

For someone receiving Centrelink or DVA benefits, there is an important two-year rule.

The home is exempt for pension purposes if occupied by a spouse, otherwise it is exempt for up to two years or until sold.

If you are the last person living in the house and you move into aged care and still have your home after two years, its full value will be counted towards the age pension calculation. It can mean the loss of the pension.

Importantly, money paid towards the RAD, including the proceeds from a house, is exempt for age pension purposes.

Refundable Deposit

As the name suggests, the RAD is fully refundable when a person leaves aged care. If a house is sold to pay a RAD, then the full amount will ultimately be paid to the estate and distributed according to the person’s Will.

The decisions around whether to sell a home to pay for aged care are financial and emotional.

It’s important to understand all the implications before you make a decision.

Please call us to explore your options.

i https://www.myagedcare.gov.au/understanding-aged-care-home-accommodation-costs
ii https://www.myagedcare.gov.au/income-and-means-assessments
iii https://www.myagedcare.gov.au/income-and-means-assessments

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Steer clear of these red flags on your return

The Australian Taxation Office has provided a heads-up about the areas it will be focussing on when reviewing tax returns this year.

The ATO says there are three common errors made by taxpayers:

  • Incorrectly claiming work-related expenses
  • Inflating claims for rental properties
  • Failing to include all income

ATO Assistant Commissioner Rob Thomson says while the mistakes are often genuine, sometimes they are deliberate. “The ATO is focussed on supporting taxpayers to get their lodgement right the first time,” he says.

The ATO has also warned that its more lenient pandemic-era approach is over, and that debt collection and unpaid superannuation guarantee charges will be actively pursued.i

Check work-related expense claims

More than eight million people claimed work-related expenses last financial year, but the ATO says taxpayers are still claiming expenses they did not pay for themselves, or for which they have already been reimbursed.

If you claim expenses with no connection to your work, or those covered by a work allowance, your return is likely to face extra scrutiny. It’s also essential to have a record (usually a receipt) to prove the expense.

For those working from home, the ATO has made some changes to the fixed rate of calculating a working from home deduction to broaden what is included, increase the rate, and change the type of records you need to keep.

You now need comprehensive records to substantiate your claim including proof of the actual number of hours worked from home in a calendar, diary, or spreadsheet. You’ll also need proof of the extra running costs you have incurred such as a copy of your electricity or internet bill.ii

The ATO says that copying and pasting your working from home claim from last year may be tempting, but it will likely mean you’ll receive a ‘please explain’.

Another way to attract the ATO’s attention is to suddenly claim a large expense you haven’t claimed in previous years, or to claim a deduction unlike those made by other taxpayers in the same industry.

Take care with rental property deductions

Rental property owners are also coming under the ATO’s watchful eye after data showing that some 90 per cent of rental property owners make mistakes on their tax returns, most often by inflating expenses.

The ATO says that claims for repairs and maintenance are often incorrect. While general repairs and maintenance expenses can be claimed as immediate deductions, capital expenses (such as initial repairs on a newly purchased property or improvements) must be deducted over time as capital works.

An immediate general repair deduction might be the replacement cost for a damaged carpet or broken window. But replacing an old kitchen with a new and improved one is considered a capital improvement.iii

Include all income when lodging

Taxpayers who don’t include all of the income they receive in their returns are also under the microscope.

Failing to declare income (including rental income and any from online platforms like Airbnb, Uber or AirTasker) can result in significant penalties, with the ATO’s data-matching program making it easier to get caught.iv

The ATO is also warning taxpayers against rushing to lodge returns in early July because their interest information may not be available. Many taxpayers are forgetting to include interest from banks, dividend income and payments from government agencies and private health insurers when completing their returns.

Taxpayers are being urged to wait until the end of July before lodging to ensure their income information is pre-filled, making the return process smoother. According to the ATO, lodging in early July doubles the chances of having your tax return flagged as incorrect.

Checking your employer has marked your income statement as ‘tax ready’ and that your myTax information is pre-filled will avoid later amendments and unnecessary delays. Failing to lodge your return on time can also trigger an ATO audit, as can making mistakes in your return.

If you need help with preparation of your income tax return this financial year, contact our office today.

i https://www.ato.gov.au/media-centre/addressing-collectable-tax-debt-tax-institute-s-tax-summit-2023
ii https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/income-deductions-offsets-and-records/deductions-you-can-claim/working-from-home-expenses/fixed-rate-method-67-cents
iii https://www.ato.gov.au/media-centre/get-your-rental-right-this-tax-time
iv https://www.ato.gov.au/about-ato/commitments-and-reporting/in-detail/privacy-and-information-gathering/how-we-use-data-matching

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Market movements and review video – July 2024

Stay up to date with what’s happened in markets and the Australian economy over the past month.

Despite some signs of a weakening economy with stalling growth and a softening labour market, persistently high inflation is acting as a roadblock to the RBA’s possible rate cuts.

Markets have now priced in a risk that the RBA could hike rates as soon as the next meeting in August.

Australian shares finished the month close to where they started, with investor sentiment influenced by news of higher inflation and fears of another interest rate hike.

Click the video below to view our update.

Please get in touch if you’d like assistance with your personal financial situation.

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Market movements and review video – July 2024

Stay up to date with what’s happened in markets and the Australian economy over the past month.

Despite some signs of a weakening economy with stalling growth and a softening labour market, persistently high inflation is acting as a roadblock to the RBA’s possible rate cuts.

Markets have now priced in a risk that the RBA could hike rates as soon as the next meeting in August.

Australian shares finished the month close to where they started, with investor sentiment influenced by news of higher inflation and fears of another interest rate hike.

Click the video below to view our update.

Please get in touch if you’d like assistance with your personal financial situation.

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Tax update June 2024

Tax cuts ease the message of greater ATO oversight

Every taxpayer can look forward to a tax cut from 1 July thanks to the centrepiece of the Federal Budget delivered in May.

On average, taxpayers will save around $36 a week under the new rules, which were legislated in February.i

The lowest tax rate in 2024-25 reduces from 19 per cent to 16 per cent, and the 32.5 per cent marginal tax rate reduces to 30 per cent for those earning between $45,001 and $135,000.

The current 37 per cent marginal tax rate will be retained for people earning between $135,001 and $190,000, while the existing 45 per cent rate now applies to income earners with taxable incomes exceeding $190,000.

The Budget also included a commitment to reform current tax laws and give the ATO discretion to stop chasing on-hold historical tax debts of individuals and small businesses.

Boost for tax compliance

Other Budget tax measures include a $2.5 billion crackdown on the shadow economy, as well as other fraud and tax avoidance through upgrades to the ATO’s IT systems to enable real-time identification and blocking of suspicious activities.ii

A new compliance taskforce will also be formed to focus on recovering lost revenue and stopping fraudulent refunds.

Instant asset write-off retained

Small businesses will be pleased to know that the deadline for the popular $20,000 instant asset write-off has been extended to 30 June 2025.iii

Under the instant asset write-off rule, small businesses with an annual turnover of less than $10 million are permitted to immediately deduct eligible assets of less than $20,000, rather than depreciate them.

Key focus areas

The ATO has announced it will be taking a close look at three common errors taxpayers are making in returns lodged this financial year.

These include incorrectly claiming work-related expenses, inflating deduction claims for rental properties and failing to include all income when lodging a return.

Work-from-home expenses will need comprehensive substantiation and rental landlords will need to carefully check their repairs and maintenance deductions.

Meanwhile, existing CGT exemptions for foreign residents buying and selling assets will be tightened.

Unpaid GST and income debts

The ATO has signalled it intends to increase its focus to ensure both individuals and businesses pay their tax and super obligations on time.

For example, there will be a crackdown on businesses failing to pass on $50 billion in undisputed debts for GST and PAYG from employee wages.

Around 65 per cent of this debt is owed by small businesses and the ATO has warned it is returning to its normal, pre-pandemic debt collection practices.iv

Changes for trust tax returns

Small business owners who are trustees or trust beneficiaries need to remember new income tax reporting changes commence on 1 July 2024.

Trustees will be required to provide additional information about capital gains tax on the trust’s tax return statement of distribution to provide beneficiaries with additional information when completing their trust income reporting obligations.

Trust income from managed funds will also be reported with the additional details.

SG payment reminder

With the new Super Guarantee (SG) payday rules due to start on 1 July 2026, the ATO is  reminding employers they need to ensure timely payment of their quarterly SG obligations.

Payments for the fourth quarter (1 April to 30 June 2024) are due by 28 July at the latest, with more frequent payments being encouraged.

Check for unlawful tax schemes

The ATO has warned businesses again about the potential risks of becoming involved in unlawful tax schemes, including structured arrangements incorrectly classifying revenue as capital, exploiting concessional tax rates and obscuring the source of funds or party relationships.

Warning signs for these schemes include zero-risk guarantees, being asked to maintain secrecy and fees or commissions based on the tax saved.

We’d be happy to provide further information or clarification about any of the new tax measures or to provide advice if they affect you.

i https://budget.gov.au/content/factsheets/download/factsheet-col.pdf
ii https://budget.gov.au/content/bp2/download/bp2_02_receipt_payment.pdf
iii https://budget.gov.au/content/factsheets/download/factsheet-sml-bus.pdf
iv https://www.publicaccountants.org.au/news-advocacy/media-releases/2024-25-australian-federal-budget-chalmers-fails-to-charm-small-business-owners

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